Radiologic Sciences and Therapy

Dreams have always helped people to strive hard and achieve that goal. When we were young, we faced the challenges life had to offer for us to become better people. Being a member of the allied health team has always been a part of my wish list.When I was given the opportunity to major in Science, I did not hesitate whatsoever – I grabbed the opportunity instantly. I believe that being admitted to this institution is my way of acquiring the information needed for me to be of service to others. The knowledge that I have acquired can help me to further enhance my craft, and eventually lead for me to have new discoveries.I am one of those people who value education. As a young individual, I am on this continous quest of acquring knowledge, that I know can someday uplift me. I am very determined and I love helping other people.In preparation for this course, I took general classes like Biology, Chemistry, Calculus, Physics, and Medical terminology. I believe that these classes cou ld help me have a better understanding of the field I am venturing on. I am also taking Anatomy and Physiology this coming term.As a prerequisite to this course, I volunteered at the Radiation Oncology Department of the Grant Medical Center. I did fifty hours of clinical observation in this department.I also saw how patients with Cancer, specifically those diagnosed with Bladder Cancer, Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer, and Cancer of the Uterus were treated. It was interesting to see how people from this field can help in the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases.I know that being admitted to your institution can help me achieve those dreams and be the best person that I can be.

Health and Social Care Essay

People use different ways to communicate with other people, depending on the situation in a health and social care setting. Informal is mostly used between people who know each other very well and formal for individuals who do not know others to well or have not met before. People who are expected to talk in a formal language in a health and social care setting are the care workers. Care workers should ensure they know the difference between the two different conversational languages and use the correct one accordingly. For this essay I will be analysing the two different ways to communicate to people and give examples to why people use these ways to communicate. Formal conversations are mostly used between two individuals who are of a profession or who have not met before. Formal language doesn’t use contractions for example, He is going out now. NOT he’s going out now. Vocabulary is also different, please refrain from smoking (formal) please don’t smoke (inform al). According to stretch and whitehouse (2010, p6) ‘formal communication is understood by a wide range of people.’ This means that people from different backgrounds/ ages can understand the concepts of formal language. Informal language is less strict on grammar and often uses shorter sentences. Informal language also uses slang instead of using the correct words for things. This type of language is normally spoken and not written. It is ok to talk to friends in an informal manner but you wouldn’t talk to your patients about their medical guidelines in this language you would talk to them in a formal way. In a health and social care setting informal language could be used when you’re giving a patient an update if you’re just walking down the hall way. People need to know when it is acceptable to use either formal or informal language in a health and social care setting. If an individual doesn’t know when they are supposed to be using formal language then they can make themselves look unprofessional and that they don’t know how to speak in a formal manner. Also if they use informal instead of formal then it’s harder for people to communicate back in the group. In summary, informal and formal communication are quite different to each other. If an individual was to use the wrong form of language in a health and social care setting then they can make that person feel disrespected, whereas if they were to use the correct form then they can communicate more effectively. Bibliography STRECH, B. & WHITEHOUSE, N. (eds) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book1, Pearson, Harlow Essex

International Operations and Risk Management of Brewin Dolphin Plc Essay

International Operations and Risk Management of Brewin Dolphin Plc - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Brewin Dolphin Plc has over 35 offices in the U.K and the Eire region. The company remains committed to providing expert financial services. Earning the trust of the client through efficient services has remained an important aspect of the company. However, increasing regulatory policies and changing demands and nature of financial services requires Brewin Dolphin to continuously innovate. Brewin Dolphin charges clients on the basis of the value of their services. Following fair and ethical practices in terms of charging prices has remained important for the organization. A personal approach is adopted by the company in providing financial services to the clients. Brewin Dolphin‘s clients also include a number of charitable trusts and non-profit seeking institutions. Brewin Dolphin manages  £ 28 billion worth investments of clients in the U.K and Eire. Since its inception in the British financial sector, the company has been successful at growing r apidly. Moreover, since the market in which the company operates is growth-oriented, it is expected that the firm will be able to grow sufficiently even in the future. Investment management firm in the U.K is seen to grow in size and revenue even though recession had considerably weakened the economy. Post-recession, many firms, and individuals began becoming aware of the fact that securing financial advice and expert management advice was necessary to safeguard wealth. Moreover, the recession had triggered more regulatory practices to be introduced within the industry. Almost 10 to 15 percent of the industry segment is occupied by the portfolio management and investment firms. The major revenue, however, is received from the banking firms which operate in this sector. The investment management firms of the U.K account for earning almost  £ 12 billion on an annual basis. Apart from the steady flow of income, the investment management sector of the U.K also accounts for a significa nt number of job opportunities. The government of the U.K ensures that the investment management sector remains stable. The failure or fall in revenues in this sector directly impacts the overall economy of the nation. Overall, the investment management sector accounts for 1 percent in the overall economy of the U.K.

Evaluating published research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evaluating published research - Essay Example In this section, they state that beyond the investigation of corporate governance mechanisms, there is a great deal of discussion about how good or bad the existing governance mechanisms are of non-financial firms in industrialised countries. These arguments are provoked by the fact that each industrialised country has a different system of corporate governance that disciplines the management of firms: e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom have a market-oriented system of corporate governance, whereas Germany has a bank-oriented one. The researchers single out uniqueness and peculiarities of the Anglo-American and German context, discuss advantages and limitations of cultural approach. The next section "Governance and national culture" defines and explains the notion of culture and corporate governance. Buck and Shahrim (2005) define and explain different approaches to corporate governance and culture applied by culturalists and institutionalists. This section is based on careful analysis of current literature and different perspectives dominated in modern management theory. The authors state that the public mind-set as represented particularly in the ranks of the country's communication and education elites was, to say the least, anesthetized by the nonstop onslaught of these offensives. In contrast to culturalists, "some institutionalists deny the relevance of national culture, claiming that it amounts to national stereotyping, that national characteristics can change quickly, and that measures of culture have been calibrated in ways that are themselves culture-specific" (Buck and Shahrim 2005, p. 42). Indeed, corporate governance mechanisms consist of economic and legal institutions, such as the design of bankruptcy procedures, the allocation of control to the board of director

Where There Is an Invasion of Privacy by the Media, an Action in Tort Essay

Where There Is an Invasion of Privacy by the Media, an Action in Tort is Really only an Option for the Wealthy - Essay Example Recent events have added credence to this view; the law and its application by the judiciary has come under intense criticism from the media, celebrities, and politicians. In general terms, tort refers to a civil wrong because it is committed by a person against the other (the term â€Å"person† includes legal entities like companies). The law of tort and especially that relating to privacy are founded on the belief that each person has certain interests that have to be protected by law.1 These interests can be protected by the court in two main ways; issuing an injunction to the defendant to refrain from interfering with the interest of the complainant, and awarding damages for infringement of protected interest of a particular individual. Recent years have witnessed increasing number of people getting concerned about their reputation and privacy. Therefore, in an event that the reputation and privacy is infringed by writing or untrue speech, damages may be sought in the cour t of law by the aggrieved party.2 In English law, privacy law considers that individual has a right to informational privacy and the situations in which such right should be protected or disregarded. Specifically, this right to informational privacy protects individuals’ private information against unauthorized disclosure or misuse.3 The media has been the biggest â€Å"culprit† of violating the right to privacy of people in the UK. Most cases relating to privacy are usually brought against media companies.4 Recent years have witnessed a rising number of people especially the celebrities and the politicians bringing privacy cases against media companies, as well as seeking injunction from the court to refrain media from interfering with their informational privacy.5 These individuals seek informational privacy on a number of issues such as: communication privacy, health privacy, relationship privacy, and financial privacy among others. Previous and present cases relati ng to privacy show that most people who opt for tort are the wealthy and there is very small evidence of â€Å"non-wealthy† opting for an action in tort in regard to privacy. There has been a raging debated on whether, indeed, where there is an invasion of privacy by the media, an action in tort is really only an option for the wealthy. This debate has been fueled by the increasing evidence of the wealthy opting for action in tort while negligible number of â€Å"non-wealthy† opting for the same.6 This paper will discuss this debate with the view of finding out whether it is true or not. Privacy Law in the UK It is important to note that English law has no specific tort to defend privacy. As a result, the courts have had to confront this situation and balance the individual’s privacy rights against the right to freedom of speech which is often â€Å"attacked† in most cases relating to privacy.7 The development of protection of human privacy in English Com mon law has been helped greatly by the UK Human Rights Act 1998 that was incorporated through the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Particularly, Article 8 of the Convention helped in guaranteeing the right to privacy into the English Common law.8 That notwithstanding though, English Common law does not have a freestanding tort of privacy. In the absence of such tort law, a variety of torts linked to inflicting harm to a person intentionally, principles of administrative law relating to proper use of police powers, and equitable remedy of confidence have been used to resolve cases relating to infringement of privacy of individuals.9 As reaffirmed in the case of Wainwright v Home Office, the application of multiple remedies and emphatic and frequent assertions by the judiciary, shows that there is

Results, Figures, & Discussion Rubric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Results, Figures, & Discussion Rubric - Essay Example The experiment was able to justify the hypothesis that sought to establish the brand of towel that is the better water absorber. In this regard, the results were able to deduce that the paper towels absorbed water at different rates. Qualitative results were done through observation of the paper towels over a period of time once they were dipped in water. In this regard, the most absorbent paper towel became more visible and easier to see through it. Furthermore, the paper towels were subjected to the sense of touch by gently feeling touching the towels with the fingers and assessing the level of sponginess and mushiness of each. On the other hand, qualitative results was collected through individual weight measures of the paper towels before soaking them in water and after soaking them in water. The actual amount of water absorbed by the paper towels was achieved through subtracting the weight of the soaked paper towels from the weight of the paper towel before absorption. Repetitio n of the experiment six times assisted in the reduction of data errors. The average amount of water absorbed for the premium paper towels was 20mL. The average amount of water absorbed for the recycled premium paper towels was 15mL. The reason for the difference absorption rates can better be explained by the variance in the production quality of each paper towel. In this regard, the recycled premium paper towels are of a lower quality compared to the premium paper towels. In conclusion, the experiment has justified the hypothesis by showing that paper towels have different capacity to absorb

Nursing Theorist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theorist - Essay Example The Neuman Systems Model, as it is sometimes called, â€Å"is a unique, open systems-based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of international health concerns. Being universal in nature, it is open to creative interpretation and is widely used throughout the world† (Betty, 2009). Placed in the nursing process, Neuman’s system promotes holistic understanding of the patient. Because it is very broad-based and general, as the above quotation suggests, the Neuman system is applicable to a wide variety of situations. The generality of the theory also makes it more feasible in different situations. â€Å"The client in the Neuman’s system model is viewed as an open system in which repeated cycles of input, process, out put and feed back constitute a dynamic organizational pattern. The client may be an individual, a group, a family, a community or an aggregate† (Betty, 2009). Another strength is that the theory is modern, rather than having to be translated across dozens of years, or even centuries. Neuman’s model is actually, while it appears somewhat complicated, about two major components: stress, and the body’s reaction to it. If one can picture the theory in these terms, it becomes somewhat less complicated. One weakness of the theory is that it is so general that compromises in application could also result; another is that t he theory does not appear to have a lot of empirical support in peer-reviewed journals as anything other than a side-note, and the main source of information that comes up on an internet search does not include scholarly articles, but blogs and Neuman’s own website. Purpose: A lot of the problems with esoteric theory have centered around taking a theory and applying it to reality in a realistic and effective manner. Therefore, it is important to know whether or not real-world nurses can see

Answer que Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer que - Assignment Example They help to identify controlled substances, pharmaceuticals, ignitable liquids in debris, thereby providing supporting evidence to ascertain crime. There are four distinct areas or procedures to be followed while investigating bomb crime. They include conducting a preliminary evaluation at the scene, exercising scene safety, administering lifesaving efforts and establishing security and control. The consumption of cannabis causes depressant (hallucinogenic) effects on consumers. These depressant effects, slow down the activities of central nervous system including brain. These effects therefore cause impairment.1 Yes. The question on whether fire can cause explosive is subjective as it depend with some factors such as availability of explosive material heat among others. Fire can cause explosive materials to explode. MDMA is an illegal drug that acts as both stimulant and psychedelic. It is generally used as it produces an energizing effect and distortions in time and perception. This drug is therefore used to enhance the enjoyment from tactile

Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Nursing - Research Paper Example The literature on oral care hygiene protocols encompasses techniques such as tooth brushing and use of chlorhexidine rinse (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015). As argued by Green (2014), a methodology that involves two case studies is used in qualitative research to determine the research questions that guide discussions and interviews concentrating on the research. The aim of this proposed research is to find out the most effective intervention to reduce ventilator associated pneumonia in adult ICU patients applying the oral care hygiene protocols. The theoretical framework is utilized in this research to come up with the following questions that are used to direct the deliberations and interviews that are centered on the study. The questions state what is the most effective intervention to reduce ventilator associated pneumonia in adult ICU patients? Performing oral care (use of toothbrush)? Or the use of an antiseptic agent (chlorhexidine)? In the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia, other theories that exist include the application of a ventilator bundle care. Ventilator bundle care stops bacterial translocation and aspiration to the lower respiratory tract in ICU adults undergoing mechanical ventilation (Broaddus et al., 2015). The common theme between application of oral care hygiene protocols and ventilator bundle care is that they both prevent or reduce the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Tooth brushing technique used in a patient undergoing mechanical ventilation three times a day has been shown to be operative in the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia. In addition, the use of 0.12% solution chlorhexidine oral swab twice daily is assumed to have a significant change on the reduction of ventilator associated pneumonia. The oral care hygiene is critical

To what extent does the European Union policy of free movement of Essay - 1

To what extent does the European Union policy of free movement of persons discriminates against the non European 'others' - Essay Example ts with open arms2. Economical The second paragraph discuss the economic aspect of the Xenophobic approach of the EU whereby it will talk about the exceptions in the form of the UK and France that threw their doors open to immigrants as a means of enhancing productivity and access to cheap labour for low skilled jobs and as a means to attract the best talent possible for high skilled jobs3. The third paragraph will be a continuation of the ideas in the second paragraph that the approach did pay off for these countries though a certain point was reached in recent years where these countries feel that they can no longer sustain the pace of immigration at the earlier levels4. Social The fourth paragraph will discuss the high levels of immigration into these countries that has resulted in creation of ethnic communities and the rise of ghettos in the UK and France which has added impetus to the anti-immigrant lobby’s drive to restrict immigration as they point to the lack of assimi lation by these communities and the resultant loss of social cohesion5. In the fifth paragraph, we will analyze how the ideas in the fourth paragraph have led to a strong feeling that immigrants are unwelcome because they do not fit in to the culture of the countries to which they immigrate6. The six paragraph will state how further the instances of riots in France in 2005 and more recently in London and other parts of UK have been blamed on the immigrants and their lack of respect for the culture of these countries7. The seventh paragraph will examine how all these trends have resulted in the EU adopting a tough stance on immigration. What adds to the situation is that many countries in the EU do not need low skilled immigrants any longer since they have gone up the economic and technological curve and so there are no low skilled low wage jobs anymore8. This eighth paragraph will examine how further, the proportion of immigrants who apply for these positions is disproportionate to the size of their population which makes these countries look askance at these immigrants9. The ninth paragraph will talk about how, even in the high skilled and high wage category, the growing trend is to hire locals and only when the locals are not available can the employers look for immigrants to fill the positions. This has resulted in laws being mandated that require the employers to justify the need for immigrants to be hired and hence there is a legal aspect to the hiring of immigrants as well10. Political In the tenth paragraph, we will examine the political aspect of the issue whereby, talking of the legal angle, the EU has put in place strict anti immigration policies in place that restrict the number of people who would be accepted into its member countries. This has resulted in the EU closing its doors to asylum seekers and immigrants because of the reasons outlined above11. This eleventh paragraph w

Michael Faraday Essay Example for Free

Michael Faraday Essay Born September 22, 1791, he grew up in Newington Butts after his family had moved there from Yorkshire in order to try and make a living. His father, a blacksmith, fell ill and could not earn much money. This meant Michael left school at 13 and knew very little about maths, and almost nothing about science. When he went to work as a bookbinder he got his big chance. While binding books at the shop he would read the contents. Since scientists wrote their findings in books and discussed them, this was a great way to learn about science, and how the world works. Later, due to good luck he was working for a man by the name of Humphry Davy. Davy worked at the royal institution, doing demonstrations and lectures. Faraday belonged to a religious group called the sandemanians, which believed in a literal understanding of the bible. This meant he could not hoard or save money. When he married his wife he received financial help from the royal institution. Faraday offered many contributions to the world of science including electrolysis; generators, magnetic fields and electromagnetism, but his greatest contribution to the world would definitely be the electric motor. Faradays greatest discovery, the electric motor has affected greatly the world we live in and how we live in it. Faraday found that if you took a magnet it would rotate around a wire so long as the wire had current going through it. Through this experiment, Faraday had successfully performed the first conversion of electrical energy (in the wire) into mechanical energy (the moving magnet). He also found that if you fixed the magnet in place and let the wire move, the wire would rotate around the magnet. By studying these experiments, Faraday believed that when current is passed through a wire, a circular magnetic current circles the wire. This was the predecessor of the electric motor. Due to Faradays experiments we can use electric blenders, CD players and much much more. By discovering the circular fields around a wire induced with current, Faraday has greatly contributed to the world of physics. With further research of these circular currents around a wire, Faraday took an iron ring and wrapped a length of insulated wire around one side of it, and then wrapped a second length of insulated wire around the other side of the ring. He anticipated that if he passed a current through the first wire, it would establish a magnetic field in the ring, which would then induce current in the second insulated wire. When he first performed the experiment he believed it was a failure, as it appeared no current was induced in the second wire. But then he made an observation critical to the experiment. He observed that as he turned the current in the first wire on and off, current would be induced in the second wire. Instead of current in the first wire inducing current in the second, he realised that change in current of the first wire induced current in the second. To test his new theory, Faraday took a magnet and moved it in and out of a coil of wire. When the magnet was moving into the wire, the needle on the galvanometer would move one way. And when the magnet was moving out of the coil, the needle would move the opposite way. Next he set up a copper disc between two poles of a magnet. This time when the disc was spun a constant current would be induced. Faraday had created the first dynamo or electric generator. A device, which produces electrical energy from mechanical energy. Commonly used as bike-light generators. Faraday also enjoyed the science of chemistry. He did demonstrations at the royal institute where he would show demonstrations of pyrotechnics, big flashes, physical reactions, and chemical reactions, among other things. By combining his enjoyment of chemistry with his knowledge of physics, Faraday made some very important discoveries in electrolysis, which are still relevant today. Faraday revolutionised knowledge of electrolysis by introducing new words. He replaced the previously used pole with electrode to describe the object dangled into a solution. He described anode as the electrode where negatively charged gases attract, cathode as the electrode, which attracts positively charged chemicals, electrolyte as anything released at either electrode, anions as electrolytes that collect at the anode, and cations as electrolytes that are drawn to the cathode. All these terms are commonly used in electrolysis today, a real test of how good a word is, is the test of time. Probably one of Faradays most famous inventions is the miners safety lamp. During the early 1800s there was a large demand for coal, mine shafts were being used more. This posed a threat as methane collected in the mins. And because the mines were underground the miners had to have lamps. The threat came when the lamps lit the methane, which would light up the whole shaft. Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday, who was working for him at the time, solved this problem with the safety lamps. The safety lamps comprised of a long metal mesh cylinder with a solid, hollow base and a hook at the top, some had lenses to focus the dim light. They were different to normal mining lamps because they did not light the methane the mines produced. This was a safer option for the minors and within a short while they were being used in many mine shafts. Michael Faraday probably wouldnt have been able to imaging how greatly his inventions and discoveries have affected the world. Without Faradays research on magnetic fields we would not have use of the electric motor. Without his simple generator we would not have the use of dynamos or generators. And without his induction ring we would not be able to use transformers. The first person to properly harness the power of magnetic fields. From humble beginnings, with no proper maths or science tutoring, Michael Faraday, by perseverance, made his way up in the world to become one of the most influential people of all time. Without doubt, Michael Faraday was a great man. Died august 25, 1867; Michael Faraday had left the world leaving a great contribution behind him. Note: Michael Faraday was an interesting individual as well as a great scientist. To learn more about his life and particularly his scientific work the reader is encouraged to investigate in depth any of the books listed below. Each while similar, gives a different view of the person, Michael Faraday. ? Agassi, Joseph, Faraday as a Natural Philosopher, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970.?Crookes, (Editor) A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle: To which is Added a Lecture on Platinum by Michael Faraday, Chicago News Review 1988. ? Gooding, James (editors), Faraday Rediscovered, Stockton Press, London ,1985. ? Jones, Bence, The Life and Letters of Faraday(2 Volumes) Longmans, Green, London, 1870. ? Randell, Wilfrid L. ,Michael Faraday, Parsons, London, 1924. ? Tyndall, J. , Faraday as a Discoverer(4th Edition), Longmans, Green, London 1868. ? Williams, Pearce L. , The Origins of Field Theory, Random House, New York, 1966. ? Williams,Pearce L. , Michael Faraday, Basic Books, New York, 1967.

Vehicle ad-hoc Network (VANETS) Technology

Vehicle ad-hoc Network (VANETS) Technology Chapter 1 Introduction Now a day, everything is moving away from wired technology and leading towards wireless. The fascination of mobility, accessibility and flexibility makes wireless technologies the dominant method of transferring all sorts of information. Satellite televisions, cellular phones and wireless Internet are well-known applications of wireless technologies. This work presents a promising wireless application and introduces a tiny contribution to its research community. Research in wireless communication field is growing faster, day by day, then any other field. It serves a very broad range or series of different kind of applications using different topologies. Every one of these comes with some new and specialized protocols. In this research, we will present an introduction to a wireless technology. This wireless technology directly affects car accidents and the sales of one of the largest markets. It is the technology of building a strong network between mobile vehicles; i.e. let vehicles communicate to each other. This promising technology is literally called Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs). 1.1 Background Since the first invention of mobile vehicles, governments and manufacturers have researched accidents to reduce the number of vehicle crashes in order to reduce costs, injuries and fatalities. First of all, VANET technology is going to reduce crashes by doing research in this field. Accordingly, related governmental authorities initiated new projects to the learning institute for study, research, development in the field of wireless technology and VANETs also paying attention in its standards. The ‘Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) [1] is a pioneer ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems which is a branch of the U.S. Department of Transportation [2]) project dedicated to VANET standardization. Then, the acronym or short form ‘DSRC becomes a global or familiar name of kind of standards that aim to put VANET technology into life. The DSRC mainly concerns with the communication that is how to make different communication links between vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle -to/from-roadside units. 1.2 Motivation In the last few years, vehicular network has gained great attention in industry. Federal communication commission (FCC) has assigned 5.850-5.925GHZ frequency band to promote safe and efficient road trips, which is planned for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Car manufacturers, e.g., Audi, BMW and DaimlerChrysler, also formed a Car2Car communication consortium [3], in which the prototype development for inter-vehicle communications is underway. In near past, IEEE 802.11-based solutions for VANETs are also studied by IEEE 802.11p. IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access in the Vehicular Environment (WAVE) that defines changes to IEEE 802.11 to help Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. IEEE 802.11p helps data exchanges between fast moving vehicles with each other and also exchanges data from vehicles to road side unit or from road side unit to vehicles in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz. The Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) at 5.9 GHz is here today to provide safety that is increasing safety in case of road accidents, reducing highway or road maintenance cost and also improving mobility. Intersection and road departure collisions report for round about 50 percent of all crashes and victims on our roads. On an average day in the United States, vehicular collisions kill 116 and injure 7900[8]. More health care dollars are consumed in the United States treating crash victims than any other cause of illness or injury [8], [10]; the situation in the European Union is similar, with over 100 deaths and 4600 injuries daily, and the annual cost of â‚ ¬160 billion [11]. By getting rid from road victims and crashes, DSRC can provide or play important role in reducing road accidents, deaths, injuries, heavy traffic and increasing road safety by improving communication between vehicles and between vehicles and road side infrastructure. DSRC emerged from a partnership among automobile manufacturers, state and federal transportation officials, toll transponder equipment suppliers and the Federal Communications Commission. There is a recognized need for on-the-go communication with motor vehicles and reliable communication between vehicles to increase highway safety by providing warnings and alerts that enable drivers to take corrective and/or evasive actions. At the same time, it can be able to provide information i.e. real time information to drivers so that to improve mobility and motorist conv enience, such as information on congestion or traffic incidents. The car manufacturing industrys determination to roll out vehicle-to-vehicle communication in the near future and, on the other hand, to the increasing disillusionment concerning the need for the vast number of protocols developed for general Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) in the past few years while on the other side that is for VANETs, industry pressure has created a situation in which an overwhelming interest in solutions to problems leads to a preference for real-world research as opposed to fancy theory. As the concept came from MANETs which totally depend on the subscribers motion as the motion is random it is difficult to cater it but this problem was very negligible when researchers observed it in VANETS. At highways vehicle move in an organized pattern with different speeds so initially it seemed that VANET will easily be implemented. Another major reason for VANET can be Traffic deaths and injuries which is a major health and social issue. While industrialized nations (e.g., the United States) have continuously reduced annual traffic deaths since 1970, annual traffic-related fatalities and injuries remain high (in the United States alone there were over 41,000 deaths and 5 million injuries in 2000, according to the NHTSA) [7]. The economic impact of vehicle crashes in the United States exceeded US$230 billion or 2.3 percent of the U.S. GDP in 2000 [7]. We want to remain connected with the world through net whether at home, airport, at work or even on the roads. Example Description Obstacle warning Stopped/Skidding/Slowing down vehicle warning, road obstacle/object-on-road warning Lane Merge/Lane Change Assistance Merging/Lane changing vehicles communicates with vehicles in lane to safely and smoothly merge. Adaptive Cruise/Cooperative Driving Automatically stop and go smoothly, when vehicles are in heavy roadway traffic; cooperates driving by exchanging cruising data among vehicles. Intersection/Hidden Driveway Collision Warning vehicles communicates to avoid collisions at intersections without traffic lights or hidden driveway. Roadway Condition Awareness Vehicles communicates to extend vision beyond line of sight (e.g. beyond a big turn or over a hill) Table-1.1: Example of Vehicle Safety Communication [10] 1.3 Scope of Project Some of the industries and universities working on VANETs are as follow DaimlerChrysler AG Fraunhofer FOKUS NEC Europe Ltd. Robert Bosch GmbH Siemens AG TEMIC Telefunken Microelectronic GmbH Universities of Mannheim, Hamburg-Harburg, Karlsruhe, and Hannover. 1.4 Organization of Project Thisthesisis mainly divided into four chapters. In the first two chapters (1-2) introduction and an overview over the topic and used technologies is given. In the following chapter (3), we have discussed the standards of IEEE and also discussed the MAC Layer and PHY Layer of IEEE 802.11 in detail. In chapter 4, simulation analysis of our work is shown along with the results. In the last chapter, we have summarized this whole thesis, what we have concluded from this project and future work needs to be done are discussed. Finally, in appendix some additional information can be found. In chapter two, VANETs characteristics, some of its applications and the research challenges faced by governments and car manufactures are discussed, continued by MAC Layer and PHY in chapter three. We have also discussed the WAVE architecture in chapter 2. From chapter three on, we have a look at some protocol improvements and extensions. Some thoughts, tests and their results on VANETs, those are related to our work, can be found in chapter 4. Chapter 2 VANETs VANETs (Vehicle ad-hoc Networks) is a form of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), which provide a communication between the vehicles and also fixed equipments, usually defined as road side equipments. 2.1 What is VANET Vehicle ad hoc network comprises of three words. i. Vehicle ii. Ad-hoc iii. Networks i. Vehicle â€Å"A machine such as a bus or car for transporting people or goods†. [4] A lot of progress is happening in the field of vehicles since the invention of wheel. Development is due to provide services to the people and make their task easier. ii. Ad-hoc It refers to dealing with special situations as they occur rather than functions that are repeated on a regular basis. For example you just meet someone outside your office and you exchange some words. On the other hand infrastructure system is a system which is fully installed and deployed than it works according to some predefined rules and regulations. iii. Network â€Å"A system, as in a business or university, consisting of a computer or computers and connected terminals, printers etc. specific, a local area network†.[3] The concept of networking is introduced because resources are limited and we have to utilize them efficiently. As it is not possible for firms to provide printer, faxes and other machines to everyone so they just inter linked all the devices so that each one can utilize it keeping the cost at minimum. Vehicular connectivity can be fairly considered a future killer application, adding extra value to the car industry and operators services. Taking into account the constant growth of automotive market and the increasing demand for the car safety, also driven by regulatory (governmental) domain, the potential of car-to-car connectivity is immense. Such system should be suitable for a wide spectrum of applications, including safety related, traffic and fleet control and entertainment. First, issues concerning architecture, security, routing, performance or QoS need to be investigated. Standardization of interfaces and protocols should be carefully planned to ensure interoperability, as vehicles coming from different vendors must communicate seamlessly. Having different competing systems would result in decreased market penetration and poor overall system efficiency, thus only one common system can be deployed. And finally, wise deployment strategy has to be proposed, as most applicatio n would become functional only after certain market penetration is reached. The first milestone of standardization process was the allocation of 75 MHz of DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) spectrum to accommodate Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to- Infrastructure (V2I) communication for safety-related applications by US Federal Communications Commission (1999). Commercial applications are also allowed to operate in this spectrum. 2.2 VANETs Applications According to the DSRC, there are over one hundred recommended applications of VANETs. These applications are of two categories, safety and non-safety related application. Moreover, they can be categorized into OBU-to-OBU or OBU-to-RSU applications. Some of these applications are as followed: 2.2.1 Co-operative Collision Warning Co-operative collision warning is an OBU-to-OBU safety application, that is, in case of any abrupt change in speed or driving direction, the vehicle is considered abnormal and broadcasts a warning message to warn all of the following vehicles of the probable danger. This application requires an efficient broadcasting algorithm with a very small latency. 2.2.2 Lane Change Warning Lane-change warning is an OBU-to-OBU safety application, that is, a vehicle driver can warn other vehicles of his intention to change the traveling lane and to book an empty room in the approaching lane. Again, this application depends on broadcasting. 2.2.3 Intersection Collision Warning Intersection collision warning is an OBU-to-RSU safety application. At intersections, a centralized node warns approaching vehicles of possible accidents and assists them determining the suitable approaching speed. This application uses only broadcast messages. In June 2007, General Motors ‘GM addressed the previously mentioned applications and announced for the first wireless automated collision avoidance system using vehicle-to-vehicle communication (Figure-2.1), as quoted from GM, If the driver doesnt respond to the alerts, the vehicle can bring itself to a safe stop by avoiding a collision. 2.2.4 Approaching Emergency vehicle Approaching emergency vehicle is an OBU-to-OBU public-safety application, that is, high-speed emergency vehicles (ambulance or police car) can warn other vehicles to clear their lane. Again, this application depends on broadcasting. 2.2.5 Rollover Warning Rollover warning is an OBU-to-RSU safety application. A RSU localized at critical curves can broadcast information about curve angle and road condition, so that, approaching vehicles can determine the maximum possible approaching speed before rollover. 2.2.6 Work Zone Warning Work zone warning is an OBU-to-RSU safety application. A RSU is mounted in work zones to warn incoming vehicles of the probable danger and warn them to decrease the speed and change the driving lane. 2.2.7 Near Term [5] Traffic Signal Violation Warning Curve Speed Warning Emergency Electronic Brake Lights 2.2.8 Mid Term [5] Pre-Crash Warning Cooperative Forward Collision Warning Left Turn Assistant Lane Change Warning Stop Sign Movement Assistance Application Comm. type Freq Latency Data Transmitted Range Traffic Signal Violation 12V One-way, P2M 10 Hz 100msec Signal Status, Timing, Surface Heading, Light Position, Weather 250m Curve Speed Warning 12V One-way, P2M 1 Hz 1000msec Curve Location, Curvature, Speed Limit, Bank, Surface 200m Emergency Brake Light Vehicle to Vehicle Two-way, P2M 10 Hz 100msec Position, Deceleration Heading, Velocity 200m Pre-Crash Sensing Vehicle to Vehicle Two-way, P2P 50 Hz 20msec Vehicle type, Yaw Rate, Position Heading, Acceleration, 50m Collision Warning Vehicle to Vehicle One-way, P2M 10 Hz 100msec Vehicle type, Position, Heading Velocity, Acceleration, Yaw Rate 150m Left Turn Assist 12V and V21 One-way, P2M 10 Hz 100msec Signal Status, Timing, Position, Direction, Road Geom., Vehicle Heading 300m Lane Change Warning Vehicle to Vehicle One-way, P2M 10 Hz 100msec Position, Heading, Velocity, Acceleration, Turn Signal Status 150m Stop Sign Assist 12V and V21 One-way 10 Hz 100msec Position, Velocity, Heading, Warning 300m Table-2.1: Eight high-priority vehicular safety applications as chosen by NHTSA and VSCC. Note that communication freq. ranges from 1-50 Hz and Max. Communication range spam 50-300 meters. P2M represents â€Å"Point-to-Multipoint†, 12V represents â€Å"infrastructure to vehicle† and V21 represents â€Å"Vehicle-to-Infrastructure†. [5] 2.2.9 Comfort related applications Traffic efficiency Better navigation Internet access The whole theme of these applications is improving passengers comfort and traffic efficiency. That includes nearest POI (Points of Interest) localization, current traffic or weather information and interactive communication. All kinds of applications might be applied here. Another application is reception of data from commercial vehicles and roadside infrastructure about their businesses (wireless advertising). Enterprises (shopping malls, fast foods, gas stations, hotels) can set up stationary gateways to transmit marketing data to potential customers passing by. The important feature of comfort/commercial applications is that they should not interfere with safety applications. In this context traffic prioritizing and use of separate physical channels is a viable solution. 2.2.10 Safety related applications Accidence avoiding Danger warnings Intersection coordination Cooperative driving Safety-related applications may be grouped in three main classes: assistance (navigation, cooperative collision avoidance, and lane-changing), information (speed limit or work zone info) and warning (post crash, obstacle or road condition warnings). They usually demand direct communication due to their delay-critical nature. One such application would be emergency notifications, e.g. emergency braking alarms. In case of an accident or sudden hard breaking, a warning is sent to the subsequent cars. That information could also be propagated by cars driving in the opposite direction and, thereby, conveyed to the vehicles that might run into the accident. Another, more advanced example is cooperative driver assistance system, which exploits the exchange of sensor data or other status information among cars. The basic idea is to broaden the range of perception of the driver beyond his field of vision and further on to assist the driver with assistance applications. Transmitting this data to cars following on the same road, drivers get information about hazards, obstacles or traffic flow ahead; hence driving is more efficient and safer. Some applications of this kind are operating only when certain penetration of VANET enabled cars is reached. [6] 2.3 VANETs Characteristics Although VANETs, Wireless Sensor Networks and Wireless Mesh Networks are special cases of the general MANETs, VANETs possess some noticeable characteristics that make its nature a unique one. These properties present considerable challenges and require a set of new especially designed protocols. Due to the high mobility of vehicles, that can be up to one hundred fifty kilometers per hour, the topology of several VANET changes frequently and unexpectedly. Hence, the time that a communication link exists between two vehicles is very short especially when the vehicles are traveling in opposite directions. A one solution to increase the lifetime of links is to increase the transmission power, but increasing a vehicles transmission range will increase the collision probability and mortify the overall throughput of the system. The other solution having a set of new protocols is employing a very low latency. Another effect of these high speed nodes is that the usefulness of the broadcasted messages is very critical to latency. For example, if we assume that a vehicle is unexpectedly stopping or suddenly stops, it should broadcast a message to warn other vehicles of the probable danger. Considering that the driver needs at least 0.70 to 0.75 sec to initiate his response [7], the warning message should be delivered at virtually zero sec latency. In VANETs, location of nodes changes very quickly and unpredictably, so that, building an efficient routing table or a list of neighbor nodes will tire out the wireless channel and reduce the network efficiency. Protocols that rely on prior information about location of nodes are likely to have a poor performance. However, the topologies of a VANET can be a benefit because vehicles are not expected to leave the covered road; therefore, the running direction of vehicles is predictable to some extent. Although, the design challenge of protocols in wireless sensor networks is to minimize the power consumption, this is not a problem in VANETs. Nodes in VANETs depend on a good power supply (e.g. vehicle battery and the dynamo) and the required transmission power is small compared with power consumption of on-board facilities (e.g. air-condition). It is predicted that, as VANET is deployed in the beginning, only a small percentage of vehicles will be outfitted with transceivers. Thus, the benefits of the new technology, especially OBU-to-OBU applications, will not go up until many years. Furthermore, the limited number of vehicles with transceivers will lead to a numerous fragmentation of the network. Even when VANET is fully deployed, fragmentation may still exist in rural areas, thereupon, any VANET protocol should expect a fragmented network. Privacy, safety and security are of fundamental effect on the public receiving of this technology. In VANETs, every node represents a specific person and its location tells about his location. Any requirement of privacy can ease a third party monitoring persons daily activities. However, from the other point of view, higher authorities should gain access to identity information to ensure punishment of illegal actions, where, there is a fear of a possible misuse of this feature. The tampering with messages could increase false alarms and accidents in some situations defeating the whole purpose of this technology. Finally, the key difference between VANET protocols and any other form of Ad-Hoc networks is the design requirement. In VANETs, the key design requirement is to minimize latency with no prior topology information. However, the key design requirement of Wireless Sensor Network is to maintain network connectivity with the minimum power consumption and the key proposed design requirement of Wireless Mesh Network is reliability. WE can summarize the main characteristics of VANETs as follows; High mobility of nodes No prior information about the exact location of neighbor nodes Predictable topology (to some extent) Significant latency requirement especially in cases of safety related applications No problem with power Slow migration rate High possibility to be fragmented Crucial effect of security and privacy 2.4 Research Challenges in VANETs When deploying of a vehicular networking system, a number of issues have to be determined, often from distant fields of expertise, ranging from applications improvement up to efficient issues. VANET could be considered as an instantiation of MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc Networks); however their behavior is fundamentally different. These unique characteristics of these networks are as follows: Rapid topology changes and fragmentation, resulting in small effective network diameter Virtually no power constrains Variable, highly dynamic scale and network density Driver might adjust his behavior reacting to the data received from the network, inflicting a topology change Here we briefly mention some of the core research challenges that need to be discussed. 2.5 Wireless Access technology There are several wireless access standards that could be used as a foundation for VANET technology. In general the major seek is to provide a set of air interface protocols and parameters for high-speed vehicular communication by mean of one or more different media. 2.5.1 Cellular technology (2/2.5/3G) The key role of 2/2.5G i.e. cellular technology are coverage and security, and 3G, slowly but steadily coming over 2/2,5G, provides enhanced and better capacity and bandwidth. Several telematic and fleet management projects already uses cellular technology (e.g. SMS reports), on the other hand it is comparatively more expensive, together with limited bandwidth and latency make it impossible to use as a main communication means. 2.5.2 IEEE 802.11p based technology IEEE is working on a variation of 802.11 standards that would be applied to support communication between vehicles and the roadside, or, alternatively, among vehicles themselves, operating at speeds up to 200 km/h, handling communication ranges as high as 1,000 meters. PHY and MAC layers are based on IEEE 802.11a, shifted to the 5.9 GHz band (5.850-5.925 GHz within US). The technology is promoted by the car industry both in Europe and US. Estimated deployment cost is foreseen to be relatively low due to large production volumes. C. Combined wireless access one of the most significant and important efforts in combining those wireless access technologies is done by ISO TC 204 WG16. It builds on the top of IEEE 802.11p, using additional set of interface protocols. Currently supported standards include: Cellular Systems: GSM/GPRS (2/2.5G) and UMTS (3G), Infrared Communication and wireless systems in 60 GHz band. Using all those interfaces in a single, uniform system would result in incre ased flexibility and redundancy, thus improving applications performance. Apart from interoperability issues, CALM is also engaged in the standardization of the protocols, network layer and the management services. 2.6 WAVE Architecture WAVE system architecture is totally a set of WAVE standards that describes the communication stack of vehicular nodes and the physical air link between them. Any RSU may have two interfaces, one for the WAVE stack or architecture or wireless networks and the other for external interfaces like wired line Ethernet that may be used to get access to internet and for connection to internet it is mainly used. Similarly, each OBU may have two interfaces, one for the wireless WAVE stack and the other for sensor-connections and human interaction. OBU is not full-duplex so, therefore, it cannot transmit messages simultaneously, so DSRC is half-duplex. The RSU and OBU can send messages only when the channel becomes idle and also confirmed that it is idle. If the channel is busy, RSU and OBU need to wait and if the channel is idle then RSU or OBU will send the signal Request to Send (RTS) to control channel. The control channel will allocate the channel on the basis of high priority first followed by low priority. The high priority messages are those messages related to public safety. The WAVE architecture is defined by the IEEE 1609 family of standards and uses the IEEE 802.11p amendment to extend the use of 802.11 to vehicles. The IEEE 1609 family is composed of four standards describing the resource manager, security services, networking services and multi- channel operations. WAVE standard consists of five complementary parts 802.11p â€Å"Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)† [8] which is an amendment to the well known IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard and covers the physical layer of the system. 1609.1 â€Å"Resource Manager† [8] that covers optional recommendations for the application layer. [13], [14] 1609.2 â€Å"Security Services for Applications and Management Messages† [8] that covers security, secure message formatting, processing and exchange. [13], [14] 1609.3 Networking Services† [8] that covers the WAVE communication stack. [13], [14] 1609.4 â€Å"Multi-Channel Operation† [8] that covers the arrangement of multiple channels and how they should be used. [13], [14] The most evident part is its dual stack. Whereas there is a well-known stack, called TCP/IP stacks and on the other hand there is a stack, called WAVE Short Message stack. The function of the WAVE Short Message stack is to provide a connectionless transport protocol i.e. without checking the connection that whether connection is made or not, similar to UDP but on a single-hop basis. The safety applications are supposed to use this stack only while non-safety applications can use both. It should be noted that the devise or design of this approach is focused on non-safety applications and considers safety as a black box. 2.6.1 IEEE 1609.1 Resource Manager The IEEE 1609.1 standard defines the architecture and data flows of WAVE. It also describes command messages and data formats. [9], [8]. The standard explains how data communication between road side units and vehicle on board units occurs. The discussion of this standards operation will be based on the standard defines applications residing on the on board unit as Resource Command Processors and those residing in road side units or elsewhere as Resource Manager Applications. The Resource Manager is the focus of this standard and is also the application that is responsible for managing communication between multiple Resource Manager Applications and Resource Command Processors. [9], [8] WAVE communication imitates a client-server architecture that is managed by the Resource Manager. For example, in the case where a company wants to provide traffic updates by analyzing vehicle speed statistics in a stretch of highway, the application that analyzes the traffic data (a Resource Manager Application) would reside on the road side unit or a remote server that is connected to a road side unit. When the Resource Manager Application sends a request for the speed of the vehicle the Resource Manager application in the road side unit receives the request then forwards it to the vehicles Resource Command Processor application using WAVE. The vehicle then replies to the Resource Manager which forwards the message to the Resource Manager Application. If another passing vehicle asks for traffic updates by sending a request to the road side unit, the roles of client and server from the previous case are switched. WAVE is designed to provide secure communications and minimize the cost of on board units by minimizing the amount of processing required by them. All only desired information relevant to road safety will be transferred. 2.6.2 IEEE 1609.2 Security Services The IEEE 1609.2 standard defines secure message formats and processing and infers circumstances for using secure message exchange. [13], [8]. It deals with security services for applications and management messages. Security is important in WAVE because vehicles transmit sensitive information that could constitute a violation of privacy if accessed by unauthorized parties. The efficacy and reliability of a system where information is gathered and shared among autonomous entities raises concerns about the authenticity of the received data. For example, a bad actor could misrepresent its observations in order to gain advantage (e.g. a vehicle V falsely reports that its desired road R is stopped with traffic, thereby encouraging others to avoid R and providing a less-congested trip for V on R). More malicious actors could impersonate other vehicles or road-side infrastructure in order to trigger safety hazards. Vehicles could reduce this threat by creating networks of trust, and ignorin g, or at least distrusting, information from un-trusted senders. [13], [8] A trusted communication generally requires two properties are met: The sender is conclusively identified as a trusted source. While in transit, the contents of the senders message are not tampered. WAVE maintains security by ensuring confidentiality and authenticity in message transmissions. The final standard is expected to address privacy issues with the current version. WAVE ensures confidentiality

Economic Country Analysis For Poland Economics Essay

Economic Country Analysis For Poland Economics Essay 1. Introduction: Today with a GDP of 2,7% (2010 figure projected by European Commission) Poland is one of the fastest growing European economies. The country suffered relatively little from the recent financial crisis in the world markets due to a large internal demand for consumer goods from the growing middle class and low level of household debt compared to its western peers. In addition there has been almost no exposure to sub-prime mortgage product, the country did however suffer from lower demand for its export products. (European Commission, 2009) The Polish state went through a major transformation since it abolished communism in 1989. It joined NATO in 1999, and the European Union in May 2004. With a population of 38.1 million it is the 6th most populated country in the EU. Polands capital is Warsaw and it has a population of around 2 million inhabitants. Poland has an area of 312,678 sq km and is geographically located in the heart of Europe between Germany and Russia. Polands strategic geographic position has been a source of conflicts and for many centuries, currently its attracting foreign direct investment as it is the EUs gateway to the east. (GUS, 2010) Despite steady economic development Poland still has a large development gap to close compared with countries such as Germany or Britain. Currently the GNI per capita is $11,880 (World Bank, 2008). It is expected to join the Euro zone in 2012-2014. Countrys main export products are: foodstuffs, machinery, transportation equipment and chemicals. Polands political situation is stable with a liberal pro reforms government in office. One last thing to keep in mind is that the Catholic Church plays an important role and despite the fact that it is formally separated from the state it does have a large impact on the social policy. The aim of this report is to look at Polands economy from a broad international investors perspective and give some recommendations whether it is a good destination for investment. 2. Factual description Political and social situation The political stage in Poland has been shocked by the crash of the government plane in April 2010 where countrys residing president, Lech Kaczynski, and many prominent politicians have died. Despite the tremendous scale of the tragedy the markets have been largely intact indicating investors confidence in the Polish economy. The political system can be described as a mix of parliamentary and presidential with a somewhat dominant position of the legislative branch. President Kaczynskis death forced a new presidential election where Bronislaw Komorowski, previous speaker of the parliament and a prominent politician of Civic-Platform, came out victorious in the second round having defeated ex-Presidents twin brother and leader of the parliamentary opposition Jaroslaw Kaczynski. Mr Komorowski is closely connected with the center Civic Platform-led government which suggests that the Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, will be more capable of introducing new reforms. Because Poland has traditional had a largely fragmented multiparty system, the current government is a coalition between the above mentioned Civic Platform and PSL. The international investors should welcome recent changes in the political environment both the legislative and executive branch of the government are largely open to friendly political and economic relations with both the EU and its biggest neighbour Russia. Poland is the only EU country to start its recovery without having fallen into recession, and we expect a continued gradual strengthening of growth in 2010-2011. (Eastern European outlook, 2009) Economic structure and growth According to the European Commission, in 2010 Poland will be the fastest developing country in the EU. Strong economic performance should continue throughout 2011 when Poland is expected to remain amongst the fastest growing economies in Europe (Business news, 2010). Nowadays polish economy is well diversified. The traditionally dominant agricultural sector currently contributes 5% of GDP while, it is a large beneficent of the CAP policy and requires major improvements in its production efficiency. The industrial sector of the economy makes up 30% of the GDP. The sector is mainly concentrated around food processing industries, the automotive industry (the biggest brands Deawoo and Fiat) and labor-intensive processes such as textiles and clothing industry. Polands highly educated work force and relatively low labor prices have attracted investment from many international companies. Especially German firms with labor-intensive processes have moved to Poland to benefit from lower wages . Increasing wages are expected to incentivize these firms to move on to other low-wage countries. While this may sound like bad news, the good news is that Poland is now seen as a destination for knowledge intensive businesses with higher profit margins. With one of the largest internal markets in the EU, Poland is a heavyweight both within the region and the Community. Poland has a relatively closed economy, with a relatively well balanced import and export structure slight dominance of imports. Polands GDP growth is expected to reach 2.7% in 2010 and 3.3% in 2011. (such prognoses for Polands economy were presented on May 5th, 2010 by the European Commission) In 2008 unemployment fell to 9.8% (a historic low), but climbed back to 11% in 2009, and remains above the EU average. Inflation for 2008 reached 4.3%, more than the upper limit of the National Bank of Polands target range (3%), but fell to 3.4% in 2009 due to global economic slowdown. If Poland wants to sustain its rapid economic development and attract both development of regional business and foreign investment it needs to address several issues: simplify laws and lower the time required to form new businesses, streamline its rigid labour code, improve the efficiency of its commercial court system. Furthermore, the state has to address the issues of growing spending on the health care and pension systems. These areas cripple the budget and Poland has a budget deficit little beyond 3% of GDP. One of the reasons the state faces these issues is negative population growth and aging society a problem Europe is largely familiar with. (Theodora, 2010) Country Forecast Overview (3 Year) Key Indicators 2009 2010 2011 Real GDP Growth (%) 1.70 3.10 3.40 Consumer Price Inflation (av;%) 3.45 2.50 2.30 Budget Balance (% of GDP) -1.77 -3.00 -2.80 Current-Account Balance (% of GDP) -1.67 -3.00 -3.40 Exchange Rate US$:Euro (av) 3.12 3.12 3.14 Exchange Rate US$:Euro(year-end) 2.85 3.13 3.10 Source: Country Forecast Poland May 2010 Country Forecast Overview (3 Year) Key Indicators 2009 2010 2011 Real GDP Growth (%) 1.70 3.10 3.40 Consumer Price Inflation (av;%) 3.45 2.50 2.30 Budget Balance (% of GDP) -1.77 -3.00 -2.80 Current-Account Balance (% of GDP) -1.67 -3.00 -3.40 Exchange Rate US$:Euro (av) 3.12 3.12 3.14 Exchange Rate US$:Euro(year-end) 2.85 3.13 3.10 Source: Country Forecast Poland May 2010 Year GDP in Billions of USD PPP % GDP Growth 2005 518.00 3.65 2006 567.48 6.27 2007 623.43 6.86 2008 668.58 5.00 2009 688.69 1.70 Source: EIU Country Data 2009 2008 GDP (purchasing power parity) $686.2 billion $678.8 billion GDP per capita (PPP): $17,800 $17,600 Labor force: 16.99 million Unemployment rate: 11% 9.8% Investment (gross fixed): 20.7% of GDP Public debt: 47.5% of GDP 45.2% of GDP Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% 4.2% GDP composition by sector (2009): agriculture: 4.6% industry: 28.1% services: 67.3% Labor force by occupation (2005): agriculture: 17.4% industry: 29.2% services: 53.4% Export / import structure Polands geographical position between the developed Western states and the emerging markets of Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine and perhaps Belorussia in the future) makes it a strategic location for exporting industries trying to access high demand consumer markets (Lopez, 2009). Polish main agricultural products are: potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork. Major industrial sectors are: machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass blowing, beverages, textiles. Polands exports in 2009 (est.) equaled $134.7 billion down from $178.4 billion in 2008. The export structure by products is as follows: machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6%. The export structure by destination is: Germany 24.9%, France 6.2%, Italy 6%, UK 5.7%, Czech Republic 5.6%, Russia 5.3% (2008) Polands imports in 2009 reached $141.7 billion (est.), significantly below the $204.4 billion for 2008. The imports structure by products is as follows: machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9.1%. The imports structure by trading partner is: Germany 28.3%, Russia 9.9%, Italy 6.2%, Netherlands 5.4%, France 4.8%, China 4.5%, Czech Republic 4% (2008) (Source: CIA WorldFactbook, 2010 ) Budget (2009): revenues: $83.68 billion expenditures: $93.47 billion Fiscal policy The direction of fiscal and monetary policies is largely influenced by the European Union and Polands ambition to join the Euro-zone. Adopting of the single currency requires the state to reform the public finance and curb the inflation and budget deficit in line with guidelines of the ERM II. The government had a deadline in mind to join the Euro-zone in 2012 however due to the global financial crisis it has been rumored that the date may be pushed back to 2013-2014. Before this happens Polands constitution needs to be amended and the budget balance has to be brought back to 3% of GDP. (Europa Press releases, 2009) Fight with the fiscal deficit is made difficult by the fact that currently around 66% of the spending is fixed with major portion of the funding going to social security/pension schemes and wages in the public sector. Over the next two years the fiscal deficit is projected to oscillate around 3-4%. On the positive side the government has proposed a tightening of its budget in July 2010 and hopes to benefit from the expected rise in the economic cycle. What may worry potential investors is that the upcoming parliamentary elections will incentivize the government to postpone and budget cuts until it secures a second turn. Another issue is the public debt level. This is especially a hot topic due to the situation in Greece. Polands public debt level has stabilized over past 5 years due to strong economic growth, in 2008 it has slightly exceeded 45% of the GDP and by the end of 2010 should be just below 50% of GDP. While this is still an acceptable level as Maastricht treaty has set the limit at 60%, it should be kept in mind that going beyond 50,55,60% will trigger more strict targets for fiscal restraint. (The Market Oracle, 2009) Monetary policy The main goal behind the monetary policy in Poland is to contain the inflation within the 2.5% +/- 1% target band. The National Bank of Poland has lowered the policy rate from a high of 6% in October 2008 to 3.5% in June 2009 in an attempt to stimulate the economy (Reintje Maasdam, 2009). The gradual appreciation of the Zloty (since March 2010) aids monetary loosening. However, as inflation remains stubbornly high, the NBP is reluctant to cut rates further. Moreover, if the interest-rate differential with the euro zone and Switzerland is narrowed too much, this could push the zloty down again. 2009 and in 2010, the slowing economy will curb wage growth with a disinflationary effect, while the strengthening zloty will also help to keep inflation in check. Inflation is expected to be around 2.5% in 2010. The zloty responded strongly to the risk aversion to Eastern Europe. 3. Analysis of factors influencing the business environment Thanks to largely limited exposure to subprime mortgages, consistent fiscal and monetary policy, large internal market and low level of household debt, Poland was more immune to the turbulence on the world markets than other members of the European Community. Poland was the only state in the EU in 2009 to report a positive economic growth of 1,8% GDP. source: Data from Central Statistical Office  as of  31.05.2010  and Eurostat as of 12.05.2010.   Poland currently is the main recipient of EU cohesion funds, with EU transfers set to reach an annual average of 3.3% of GDP in the coming years (Katarzyna Szulc, 2008). This should allow for major investment in infrastructure including railway, highways and new airports, which will in turn help attract large inward FDI flow. This is all good news for the investors, especially if we keep in mind that there are major investments made due to the preparations for 2012 Euro Cup. Postponing of the adoption of the euro has been seen as a major issue until recently, but now with the events in Greece many people find the polish zloty comforting. Poland has a generally well educated population which allows it to be competitive in more knowledge intensive industries but needs to improve the ease of doing business. It is currently constrained by large bureaucracy and outdated laws governing new business formulation and taxation. Perhaps the legislators need not look as far as Singapore for success stories and benchmarks for best practices but can turn to their Baltic colleagues. Poland Compared to global good practice economy as well as selected economies: Source: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Washington, D.C.Doing Business 2010, Poland, 2009 Poland has been successively reducing the gap separating it from the 15 old EU countries. In 2000, Polands GDP per capita was USD 4.473 and in 2009 it rose more than four times to reach USD 18.072. Our country has also recorded a stable increase in consumer expenditure at an average annual rate of 5 percent. source: World Economic Outlook Database, October 2009 4. Recommendations and issues for discussion Poland will most likely remain a good destination for investment over the next couple years. While it may perhaps not yield returns as high as less developed countries such as Kazakhstan it is characterized by a much lower risk profile and transparent legal and political systems. Poland is currently a major recipient of EU funding which helps improve the infrastructure and lower the gap between rural and urban areas. Furthermore the Euro 2012 requires an enormous rise of the hospitality and transportation sectors. The even should help promote Poland around the world and lead to an influx of tourists. Poland also benefits from a rising middle class which is a source of high demand for consumer goods. In addition as there will be further growth in the real estate sector as the ratio between the number of dwellings and inhabitants is below EU average. These trends should be strengthened by the planned reductions in the personal income tax.

Shakespeare’s Usage of Foils Illustrates Man’s Deceit :: Essays Papers

Shakespeare’s Usage of Foils Illustrates Man’s Deceit 1. William Shakespeare, the most popular playwright of all time, experiments with comedy, mystery, betrayal, romance, and tragedy in his play, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The author uses a variety of characters from different social backgrounds to give us an elaborate picture of deception. From the opening line of "Who’s there?" the reader gets the impression that people are not what they seem in this play. The interrelationships between the royalty and people of the court are well-developed to illustrate the major and minor similarities and differences between the characters. Shakespeare reveals the deceptive nature of man and the ruin it causes through his use of foils. [Many of the other essays did not follow the directions and used the definition of foils as the introduction. This writer understood that the essay was to be about the use of foils in the play. The introduction, therefore, is about the play, and it leads up to a thesis which briefly states the function (m eaning) of the foils within the play. The thesis, in other words, does not simply state that the essay will discuss foils in the play, but rather that the essay will show how the foils help reveal the deceptive nature of man and the resulting ruin. This is, I believe, also the only writer who alludes to "Who's there?" and thereby nicely connects the essay -- and thus the foils -- to much of what I emphasized in class discussions of the play.] 2. Foils are integral to this play, because many of the devious plots are revealed to the reader through them. A foil is a secondary character which [*1] illuminates certain things about a primary character to the audience. The major character may reveal secrets, such as murderous plots or traps, or feelings, for example, a perspective on death or the love of another character. This can happen if the minor character is primarily a listener on stage. Another scenario is if two characters, major and minor, share similarities, but have distinct differences. These variations in personality will reveal something important about the main character. The "something important" could be a fatal flaw or a good point of their personality. Many foils are used in this play, but there are two important ones which happen to be for the same character.

The Philosophy of Cognitive Science Essay -- Neurology Psychology Pape

The Philosophy of Cognitive Science Psychophysical dualism — the distinction between mind and body — is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body. Such a dualism implies the main ontological problem of the philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind: the mind-body problem (MBP). The dualism and the referred-to problem has been insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryle's criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryle's criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science by means of what I call 'the principle of the embodiment of the mind.' Finally, I shall point out the philosophical difficulties that are to be found in using such a princip le. If I've reason, then the philosophical problems must let dissolve themselves without any rest, differently from others... — Ludwig Wittgenstein But this very attraction should make us suspicious: in the history of philosophy, attempts at showing a problem to be "pseudo-problem" have often encountered the very same difficulties that have beset attempts to solve the problem. — Hilary Putnam I - INTRODUCTION The psychophysical dualism or mind-body distinction is the counterposition between two essentially irreducible elements: soul and body. Such dualism implies, as we will show, the more discussed issue of philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind: the mind-body problem (MBP, henceforth) whose the en... ...r and Zopf, Pergamon, p. 255-78, 1962). Atlan, H. Entre le Cristal et la Fumà ©e. Essai sur l'organisation du vivant. Ed. du Seuil, Paris, France, 1979. Churchland, D. P. Theories of Brain Function. In : Neurophilosophy: Towards a Unified Science of Mind and Brain, MIT Press, 1986. Descartes, R. Les Meditations Metaphysiques. Ec. Tannery & Adam: Librairie Philosophique L. Vrin, vol. IX -1, 1982. Gardner, H. The Mind's New Science: A History of Cognitive Revolution. New York, Basic Books, 1987. Guà ©roult, M. Descartes Selon l' Ordre de Raisons. Ed. Aubier, vol 1, Paris, 1964. Gonzales, M. E. Q. Neural networks and Mental Representation: An essay on Harmony and Rationality. In: Trans/ Form/Aà §Ãƒ £o, Sà £o Paulo, v. 14, p.93-108, 1991. Nagel, E. The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. Routhledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961.

A First Look at Unity, Duality, and Complexity :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Science, as we understand it in Western culture, arose during the Golden Age of Greece. Greek mystics in the sixth century B.C. did not distinguish science from philosophy and religion, but combined them in an endeavor to discover the "essential nature" of things, which they called Physis. (Capra, 1975) Heraclitus of Ephesus proposes in Concerning Nature (ca. 500 B.C.) that all things are in a continual process of "Becoming"; (Capra, 1975) He depicts a world composed of paired opposites (hot/cold, wet/dry, etc.) which struggle eternally to dominate one another. Each pair of warring opposites simultaneously exists as a unity, which contains and transcends them. (Capra, 1975) Heraclitus uses Logos, the Greek word for reason, to describe the principle of order and intelligibility which governs the interplay of opposing forces. He compares his universal principle to fire, and uses fire to symbolize "the continuous flow and change of all things." (Capra, 1975) The dynamism which Heraclitus propounds was opposed by Parmenides of Elea, who believed "Being" to be something unique and invariable. (Capra, 1975) Whereas Heraclitus taught that whatever appears to be static is deceiving, Parmenides considered change to be impossible, and apparent changes to be illusions of the senses. (Capra, 1975) Philosophers in the Periclean Age sought to reconcile the Heraclitian and Parmenidian views. They concluded that Parmenides' "Being" implies certain indestructible and invariable substances, which would soon be termed "atoms." These indivisible units moved, but they were not responsible for their own motion; their mixture and separation was the result of forces first described as Heraclitus' "Becoming." This distinction between an object and its mover gave rise to the division between "matter", the "building blocks" of which are atoms, and "spirit", a force fundamentally different from matter. From this distinction arose the duality of mind and matter, body and soul. (Capra, 1975) Twenty-five hundred years later, we have yet to restore their unity. Aristotle's organization and codification of Greek science and culture became the basis of the Western view of the universe, and underscored the line between body and spirit indelibly. Aristotle advanced the preeminence of spiritual concerns, subjugating the bodily and material. This attitude has been propagated and exploited by the Christian church since its inception. The most extreme philosophical formulation of the mind/matter duality was developed by Descartes, in the seventeenth century. Descartes based his view of nature "on the fundamental division into two separate realms: that of the mind (res cogitans) and that of matter (res extensa).

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Usa – Seat Problem

1. As Doug Friesen, what would you do to address the seat problem? Where would you focus your attention and solution efforts? Why? The two major causes of seat defects originate with KFS, relating to material flaws and missing parts. The seat bolster issue is a distant third. As KFS is the responsible party the situation needs to be addressed at their site. Using the traditional TMC first principle of ‘let’s go see it’ and then converge on the Five Why’s, Doug should visit KFS and inspect the manufacturing and QC process. By focusing on uncovering issues at the source of the seats, it is likely there will be fewer problems at the TMM plant. The focus on QC at KFS could potentially eliminate 113 of the 138 problems reported between 14-30 April, 1992. In the short term, address the immediate issue of the backlog by reconciling orders with KFS to ensure the backlog is cleared. This would require little resource and be a quick win. 2. What options exist? What would you recommend? Why? Simplifying the seats could reduce the problem since product proliferation appears to added complexity to KFS manufacturing process, though it’s unlikely that the designers will take this feedback as welcome given similar issues are not faced at the Japanese plant. Redesigning the seat or replacing easily broken parts could reduce breakage and installation issues, while training the staff to be more careful with installation, or the KFS staff with assembly, may also be an option. Replacing the supplier would be a high-risk option that would only be explored if the issues at KFS were so irreversible that TMM had no other choice. While all of these options may potentially address part of the issue, improving the QC process and then working backwards from there into the assembly and manufacture at KFS will ultimately have the greatest single impact on production efficiency. 3. Where, if at all, does the current routine for handling defective seats deviate from the principles of the Toyota Production System? One of the major underlying principles of TPS was building in quality on the line. The reporting of defects at the seat assembly point did not appear to be consistent and was only uncovered by interviewing team leaders on the factory floor. In addition, cars were reported as defective yet continued down the assembly line until completion, where they were taken off-line to wait for a replacement seat. Nowhere else on the line were cars removed due to defect: team leaders or production managers were responsible for resolving issues while still in the assembly line. The reasons for doing so appeared rational, since the car could be finished with a defective seat, seats needed to be ordered from KFS and stopping the line for such a lengthy period would have decreased productivity. One flaw in the process was that there were flaws that could be rectified in the Code 1 clinic. These flaws could have been dealt with while on the assembly line and thus reduced the burden in the clinic, while raising awareness of common defects and their source earlier in the process. The clinic did not appear to have the same reporting responsibilities as the assembly line since management were not aware of the main causes of the defects. 4. What is the real problem facing Doug Friesen? Process and feedback management problems at TMM and quality control management issues at KFS were the underlying reasons for the seat problems. Moreover, the ‘jidoka’ process had been bypassed in the seat installation process, exposing a potential weakness in the production line. Doug should implement an in-line attempt at fixing seat problems prior to the referral to the Code 1 Clinic. Regular feedback from the clinic as well as the assembly line would improve information transparency and identify the source of defects for management at the earliest point in the process. Finally, the same processes should be adopted at KFS and QC strengthened considerably to avoid the delivery of defective seats as much as possible. Since this is a critical path to seat delivery, no seats should pass to TMM without a thorough QC test at KFS.

Indian Gdp

India Economy GDP India’s economy is the twelfth largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates. Since liberalization of the economy in 1991, the economy has progressed towards a market-based system from a regulated and protected one. The country became the second fastest growing economy in the world in 2008. India Economy GDP growth rate was 6. 1% in 2009. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the measure of a country’s economic performance. It is the market value of all the goods and services produced in a year. GDP can be calculated in three ways namely through the product (or output) approach, expenditure approach and income approach. The product approach is the most direct one which calculates the total product output of each class. The expenditure approach calculates the total value of the products bought by an individual which should be equal to the expenditure of the things bought. The expenditure approach calculates the sum of all the producers' incomes where the incomes of the productive factors are equal to the value of their product. In 2007, the Indian economy GDP crossed over a trillion dollar which made it one of the twelve trillion dollar economy countries in the world. There has been excellent progress in knowledge process services, information technology, and high end services. But the economic growth has been sector and location specific. The trend for India’s GDP growth rate are given below – 1960-1980 – 3. 5% 1980-1990 – 5. 4% 1990-2000 – 4. 4% 2000-2009 – 6. 4% Contribution of different sectors in GDP Below are the contributions of different sectors in the India’s GDP for 1990-1991 –   Agriculture: – 32% Service Sector: – 41% Industry: – 27% Below are the contributions of different sectors in the India’s GDP for 2005-2006-   Agriculture: – 20% Service Sector: – 54% Industry: – 26% Below are the contributions of different sectors in the India’s GDP for 2007-2008- Agriculture: – 17% Service Sector: – 54% Industry: – 29% The service sector contributes more than half of India’s GDP. Earlier agriculture was the main contributor to the GDP. To improve the GDP and boost the economy, the government has taken various steps like implementation of FDI policies, SEZ’s and NRI investments. The GDP growth rate slowed down to 6. 1% in 2009. In 2006, the country’s trade contributed to around 24% of the GDP from 6% in 1985. According to Goldman Sachs, India’s GDP in current prices may overtake France and Italy by 2020, Russia, Germany and UK by 2025 and Japan by 2035. It is also predicted that Indian economy will be the third largest after US and China by 2035. In 2007, agriculture contributed around 16. 6% of the GDP. Even though its share has been declining, agriculture plays a major role in the India’s socio economic development. Industry contributes around 27. 6% of the GDP (2007 est). The services sector contributed to 55% of the GDP in 2007. The IT industry contributed around 7% of the GDP in 2008 which was 4. 8% in 2005-06. Remittances from overseas Indian migrants were around $27 billion or around 3% of the GDP of India’s economy in 2006. Indian Economy-Facts on India GDP †¢ The Indian economy is the 12th largest in the world †¢ It ranks 5th pertaining to purchasing power parity (PPP) according to the latest calculation of the World Bank †¢ The GDP of India in the year 2007 was US $1. 09 trillion †¢ India is the one of the most rapidly growing economies in the world †¢ The growth rate of the India GDP was 9. 4% per year Due to the huge population the per capita income in India is $964 at nominal and $4,182 at PPP Points to remember while calculating India GDP †¢ Calculating India GDP has to be done cautiously pertaining to the diversity of the Indian Economy. †¢ There are different sectors contributing to the GDP in India such as agriculture, textile, manufacturing, information technology, telecommunication, petroleum, etc. †¢ The different sectors contributing to the India GDP are classified into three segments, such as primary or agriculture sector, secondary sector or manufacturing sector, and tertiary or service sector. With the introduction of the digital era, Indian economy has huge scopes in the future to become one of the leading economies in the world. †¢ India has become one of the most favored destinations for outsourcing activities. †¢ India at present is one of the biggest exporter of highly skilled labor to different countries †¢ The new sectors such as pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology, biotechnology, telecommunication, aviation, manufacturing, shipbuilding, and tourism would experience very high rate of growth How to calculate India GDP- The method of  Calculating India GDP  is the expenditure method, which is, GDP = consumption + investment + (government spending) + (exports-imports) and the formula is GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) Where, †¢ C stands for consumption which includes personal expenditures pertaining to food, households, medical expenses, rent, etc †¢ I stands for business investment as capital which includes construction of a new mine, purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory, purchase of software, expenditure on new houses, buying goods and services but investments on financial products s not included as it falls under savings †¢ G stands for the total government expenditures on final goods and services which includes investment expenditure by the government, purchase of weapons for the military, and salaries of public servants †¢ X stands for gross exports which includes all goods and services produced for overseas consumption †¢ M stands for gross imports which includ es any goods or services imported for consumption and it should be deducted to prevent from calculating foreign supply as domestic supply Recent developments in Indian GDP Over the past 4 quarters India Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has extended 6. 10%. According to World Bank report, India Gross Domestic Product accounts to 1217 billion dollars or 1. 96% of the world economy. India being a diverse economy incorporates customary village farming, handicrafts and wide range of contemporary industry and services. Services are considered as a chief factor behind the economic elevation accounting for more than half of India’s productivity. Since 1997, Indian economy has registered an average growth rate of more than 7%, minimizing poverty rate by around 10%. India’s GDP grew at a notable 9. 2 per cent in the year 2006-2007. Now that the service sector accounts for more than half of the GDP is a landmark in the economic history of India and helps the nation to come closer to the basics of an industrial economy. Where does India stand? India is positioned as one of the major economies worldwide in terms of the purchasing power parity (PPP) of the gross domestic product (GDP) by chief financial units of the world such as the International Monetary Fund, the CIA and the World Bank. In terms of agricultural output India is the second largest. Industries related to the agriculture have also played an important role in the up gradation of the nation’s economy by opening up employment avenues in the forestry, fishing and logging sectors. For the elevation in the production volume in Indian agriculture various five year plans should also be given due credit. Improvements in irrigation methods as well as usage of modern technologies have also added value to the agriculture processes. In terms of factory output India ranks 14th in quantity produced by industrial sector. Gas, mining, electricity and quarrying industries also play major developmental roles and contribute in a major way to the GDP. Latest snapshots of India Per Capita GDP †¢ India’s Per Capita Income stood at Rs 19040 in the year 2002-03 †¢ In 2003-04 India Per Capita Income was Rs 20989. †¢ Per Capita Income in India was Rs 23241 in 2004-05. †¢ In the fiscal year 2008-2009 the Per Capita GDP in India was Rs 37490. †¢ Per Capita GDP at factor rate at regular (1999-2000) prices in the FY 2008-2009 is estimated to reach a level of Rs 3351653. †¢ In 2008-2009 India attained a growth rate of 7. per cent. †¢ A collective growth rate of 2. 6 per cent in the field of agriculture, forestry and fishing was witnessed in the FY 2008-2009 †¢ Service industry had a growth rate of 10. 3 per cent in 2008-2009 †¢ During 2008-2009 industry saw a growth rate of 3. 4 per cent. Indian States in terms of Per Capita Income †¢ Jharkhand and Orissa whic h are considered as two backward states are increasingly developing in terms of per capita income. This expansion is facilitated by the growth of business activities taking place in these two mineral rich states. Jharkhand with per capita income of Rs 14,990 has posted 16. 6 per cent rise. †¢ Orissa is a spectator of an steady growth of 11. 5 per cent in per capita income (Rs 14. 795) †¢ The industrialized Gujarat and Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are rated among the top states with per capita income more than Rs 20,734 †¢ Karnataka has per capita income nearly 9. 28% followed by Gujarat and Tamil Nadu at 8. 92% and 8. 46% respectively. †¢ Delhi and Goa however has lower growth rate at 6. 9 per cent and 6 per cent respectively but ranks the highest in per capita income at Rs 49172 and Rs. 7507 respectively. †¢ Chhattisgarh with turbulence in social, political and economic front registered a growth of 8. 8 per cent. However, the average income base is very minimal at Rs. 16,365. †¢ Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are yet to make a mark in the category of highest per capita income as the growth measures in these states are yet to be implemented. †¢ At per capita income of Rs. 12566, Rs. 10637 and Rs. 6610 of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar respectively, these states have the sluggish rates of 2. per cent, 3. 1 per cent and 3. 7 per cent respectively. †¢ 17 states have per capita income less than the national average of 8. 4%. India’s Per Capita Income in coming years India’s per capita income is predicted to rise in coming years. FY 2008-09 was expected to witness more than double of per capita income over the last seven years to Rs 38,084, indicating enhancement in the living standards of an average Indian citizen. The highest increase in per capita income was seen during 2006-07 in terms of percentage which stood at 13. %. However, after reducing for inflation (at 1999-2000 rates), the per capita income is predicted to grow to Rs25,661, indicating an upsurge of 5. 6%. In conclusion, as compared to other nations, India has performed well inspite of the global financial meltdown. GDP India Growth Rate India is considered as one of the best players in the world economy in the past few decades, but rapidly increasing inflation and the intricacies in administering the world’s biggest democracy are acting as the major hurdle in the field of development. Indian economy in recent years has been consistently performing with flying colors, escalating 9. 2% in 2007 and 9. 6% in 2006. This uninterrupted expansion is assisted by markets restructuring, huge infusions of FDI, increasing foreign exchange reserves, boom in both IT and real estate sectors, and a thriving capital market. The latest reviews of the India GDP growth rate are as under – †¢ For the first quarter of 2007-08 GDP posted a growth of 9. 3% and stood at Rs 7,23,132 crore, as compared to the consequent quarter of previous fiscal year †¢ In the quarter of April-June economy of India grew at 9. %. The progress was triggered by construction, manufacturing, services and agriculture industries †¢ For the week concluded July 28, 2007, the yearly inflation rate was 4. 45% †¢ Balance of Payments in India is predicted to remain contended †¢ Merchandise Exports registered steady growth †¢ Manufacturing posted 11. 95 expansion Difference between GD P and GDP Growth Rate Retail spending, government expenses exports and inventory levels determine GDP growth rate. Elevation in imports will affect GDP growth in a negative way. Economic strength of a nation is indicated by the GDP growth rate. Development in GDP will eventually boom business, employment opportunities and personal income. On the flip side, if GDP slows down, then business ventures and already established enterprises will come to a halt. This will call off monetary infusion in new purchases, tie-ups and recruiting new employees till the economy gain pace. As a result the GDP further deteriorates because the consumers do not have sufficient money to spend on buying a product or service. India GDP growth rate in 2009 According to International Monetary Fund (IMF) economic growth rate of India is predicted to dip by 6. per cent in the fiscal year 2009. IMF has further stated that this relegation is unavoidable because the Asian nations are not fully impervious to the global financial crisis and its consequent negative effects. IMF's World Economic Outlook (WEO), released in Washington on October 8, 2008, explains the slopping of GDP growth rate in the last three years. In 2007 GDP growth rate was 9. 3 per cent while in 2008 it dipped to 7. 8 per cent and would end up at 6. 9 per cent in 2009. The analysis also asserted that Asia’s economic growth rate is expected to undergo a negative transition in the coming fiscal year. Year 2008 witnessed a 7. 7 per cent decline in GDP growth rate of Asia which would eventually end up at 7. 1 per cent in 2009. Financial market worldwide underwent a severe slowdown after the September 08 market turmoil and is becoming financially fragile day by day. The weak financial market is incapable of attracting investors’ attention. India has also suffered a major setback in the year 2005-07 according to IMF, when the worldwide stock markets slipped radically. LAST 5 YEAR’S GDP FOR DIFFERENT SECTORS: TABLE: 1 AGRICULTURE Year |Agriculture | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |482910 |552422 | |2005-06 |511114 |625635 | |2006-07 |531315 |686044 | |2007-08 |557122 |782597 | |2008-09 |566045 |861753 | TABLE: 2 INDUSTRY Year |Industry | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |468451 |598271 | |2005-06 |506519 |679781 | |2006-07 |560775 |794127 | |2007-08 |602032 |898627 | |2008-09 |617882 |985297 | TABLE: 3 MINING & QUARRYING |Mining & Quarrying | | | | |Year | | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |52591 |84776 | |2005-06 |55164 |94533 | |2006-07 |60038 |106024 | |2007-08 |61999 |117431 | |2008-09 |64244 |125414 | TABLE: 4 MANUFACTURING Year |Manufacturing | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |361115 |453603 | |2005-06 |393842 |519743 | |2006-07 |440193 |617648 | |2007-08 |476303 |705130 | |2008-09 |487739 |780405 | TABLE: 5 ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY Year |Electricity, Gas & Water Supply | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |54745 |59892 | |2005-06 |57513 |65505 | |2006-07 |60544 |70455 | |2007-08 |63730 |76066 | |2008-09 |65899 |79478 | TABLE: 6 SERVICES Year |Services | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |1437407 |1727008 | |2005-06 |1598468 |1976969 | |2006-07 |1779029 |2299212 | |2007-08 |1970563 |2639668 | |2008-09 |2155448 |3086132 | TABLE: 7 CONSTRUCTION Year |Construction | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |200 4-05 |158212 |212807 | |2005-06 |183868 |264173 | |2006-07 |205543 |319180 | |2007-08 |226325 |376266 | |2008-09 |242577 |437017 | TABLE: 8 TRADE,HOTEL,TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Year | Trade, Hotel, Transport and Communications | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |615849 |706073 | |2005-06 |690399 |809870 | |2006-07 |778896 |947096 | |2007-08 |875398 |1090708 | |2008-09 |954589 |1246718 | TABLE: 9 FINANCE, INSURANCE, REAL ESTATE & BUSINESS SERVICES |Year | Finance, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Services | | |At Constant Prices |At Current Prices | |2004-05 |323080 |405081 | |2005-06 |359888 |452469 | |2006-07 |409472 |524019 | |2007-08 |457584 |594096 | |2008-09 |493356 |691221 | TABLE: 10 COMMUNITY, SOCIAL & PERSONAL SERVICES |Year | Community, Social & Personal Services | | |At Constant Prices At Current Prices | |2004-05 |340266 |403047 | |2005-06 |364313 |450457 | |2006-07 |385118 |508917 | |2007-08 |411256 |578598 | |2008-09 |464926 |711176 |